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- Published on: 2015-02-05
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- Binding: Paperback
Customer Reviews
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12 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
By Kirk McElhearn
Throughout the 20 years that I've been using the Internet, numerous people have pointed out that this technology could have consequences very different from what its boosters claimed. Andrew Keen's new book The Internet Is Not the Answer discusses the many problems that the Internet has caused and exacerbated over these past two decades."…rather than democracy and diversity, all we've got from the digital revolution so far is fewer jobs, and overabundance of content, an infestation of piracy, a coterie of Internet monopolists, and a radical narrowing of our economic and cultural elite."A number of Keen's arguments are familiar. Far from encouraging openness and freedom, the Internet is often a hotbed of hatred and inequality. New monopolies, such as Google and Amazon, are increasing inequality and taking control of our data. Jobs are being destroyed, entire swathes of the economy are being decimated, and the middle class is disappearing as there is little room for those other than the wealthy or participants in the gig economy.And those with the money controlling the Internet are attempting to impose their libertarian views to prevent unionization of their employees, block government regulation, and avoid paying taxes.Keen points out that the Internet, designed to be open and cooperative, is anything but. "Instead, it's a top-down system that is concentrating wealth instead of spreading it."Keen sketches the early history of the Internet, and explains how money started pouring into new ventures. And this is when thing went wrong:"As Wall Street moved west, the Internet lost a sense of common purpose, a general decency, perhaps even its soul."Far from being open and egalitarian, and far from creating competition, the Internet has spawned winner-take-all companies. Amazon's dominance of online retail, as well as e-book sales, has reached a dangerous level, killing off retail stores in every country where it exists. Google's dominance of search is such that it is nearly impossible for any company to compete with. (It's true that Microsoft's Bing, and Yahoo, are not dead yet.) And in many other industries, one player is in a quasi-monopolistic position.The Internet has also spawned a new approach to identity. In an attempt to emulate stars, people take selfies and share their statuses on Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter, Yet these services "delude us into thinking we are celebrities. Yet, in the Internet's winner-take-all economy, attention remains a monopoly of superstars."One of the biggest problems with the Internet is the fact that we trade access to free content in exchange for providing personal data to companies like Google. "Most of these Web 2.0 businesses have pursued a Google-style business strategy of giving away their tools and services for free and relying on advertising sales as their main source of revenue."Keen goes on to say:"The problem, of course, is that we are all working for Facebook and Google for free, manufacturing the very personal data that makes their companies so valuable."All our activity is being quantified and monitored. "We think we are using Instagram to look at the world, but actually we are the ones who are being watched. And the more we reveal about ourselves, the more valuable we become to advertisers."This, of course, highlights the fact that there is no such thing as a free lunch. In the early days of the Internet, companies gave away all their content for free because they were trying to attract users to a new platform. We have seen how free has become so rooted in the mindset of Internet users, that people are hesitant to pay even $1 for an app, or to pay a subscription to read the news. Of course, the recent kerfuffle around ad-blockers in Apple's iOS nine has shown that users no longer want to put up with advertising overload, and all these content providers need to figure out a new way to monetize their work.And all this has caused many people to lose their jobs. Sure, we have Amazon Prime delivery, Uber, AirBNB, and Netflix, but all these companies are making money for the tech 1%. These companies have few employees, who are often treated as disposable. "The problem is the Internet remains a gift economy in which content remains either free or so cheap that is destroying the livelihood of more and more of today's musicians, writers, photographers, and filmmakers."Keen offers some ideas as to how to change directions, but these suggestions are sketchy at best. "The answer [...] can't just be more regulation from government. [...] The answer lies in our new digital elite becoming accountable for the most dramatic socioeconomic destruction since the Industrial Revolution. Rather than thinking differently, the ethic of this new elite should be to think traditional. [...] Rather than an Internet Bill of Rights, what we really need is an informal Bill of Responsibilities that establishes a new social contract for every member of networked society."This thought-provoking book may make you think differently about how the Internet affects your life, and how it will continue to affect your future.
35 of 38 people found the following review helpful.
By Richard Bagshaw
I bought this book on the strength of a radio interview with Andrew Keen, a journalist, former Silicon Valley entrepreneur, and now techno-pessimistic for hire; appearing at conferences and on panels when a dissenting view is needed for balance. He came across as an eloquent and clear-eyed critic of our collective rush to embrace the likes of Facebook, Amazon and Google; headless of the consequences for our privacy and economy. Such contrarian views are welcome, and necessary in the debate surrounding the role of these technologies in our lives. Unfortunately, I found The Internet is Not the Answer to be unbalanced and sloppily-executed; more rant than reasoned argument. It sheds more heat than light.The Internet is Not the Answer is grouped into eight chapters; each addressing a different theme. Several of these are rather good, and make important points. Keen writes well, for instance, on the invasion of privacy inherent in moving much of our daily activities from the analogue to the digital world; although his comparison to the Stasi of Soviet East Germany is overblown. He illuminates nicely how users of social networks and other free services are essentially unpayed employees, generating content pro bono. This is how the start-up WhatsApp could be valued at $19 billion with a revenue orders of magnitude less and a payroll of fifty employees; its loyal user base is what gives it its value. However, Keen skirts around the edges of the important point that reduced transaction costs allow every aspect of life to be commoditised; paving the way for a neoliberal fantasy of a market free from 'externalities.'Keen is less good on the economics of the digital age. He spends a long portion of the book in Rochester, a company town which grew up around the now-defunct camera- and film-manufacturer Kodak. Caught in a hurricane of Schumpeterian 'creative destructive,' Kodak failed to adapt to the conversion from film to digital photography, and went broke. Rochester haemorrhaged jobs and wealth as a result. Keen is savage in his criticism of Instagram, Facebook and other networks built around digital photography; contrasting Rochester's failure with their success. Yet he does not make the case for a causal link between the development of digital photography and social networking; the two are distinct technologies, and film would likely have given way to digital even without the development of the internet. Nor does he convince the reader that this is more than simple Ludditism. Keen misses the point of creative destruction; focusing on the loss of jobs in obsolete sectors, and not the liberation of labour and capital which can be used to fuel growth industries. The exact same logic could be used to lament, for example, the loss of whaling jobs in the 19th century, or the demise of the horse-and-carriage industry with the invention of the automobile.Keen's critiques, then, miss the mark as often as they hit. Yet what really lets the book down is its prose. Overwrought and repetitive, it reads like a rough first draft. Keen appears to be aiming to use certain examples as emblems of all that is wrong with the Silicon Valley set, and has a fondness for repetition of certain phrases; but these are grossly over-used. By the end of this brief work, the reader will be sick of hearing about the Battery social club and Winston Churchill's quote, 'We shape our buildings; thereafter they shape us.' Keen also has a fondness for ad hominen attacks on internet billionaires; yet references to Mark Zuckerberg's supposed autism spectrum disorder and Steve Job's callousness feel petty, even vindictive, and do nothing to advance Keen's argument. Unforgivably, Keen neglects the basic rule of 'show, don't tell.' He extols to the reader the injustice inherent in the Battery social club, for instance, but does not trouble the reader with facts; how one becomes a member, say, or how much it costs. We have only his word for it. This is lazy, sloppy non-fiction writing.Andrew Keen is an angry man. He's angry at the techno-utopianism prevalent in the technology sector's commentariat, at the monopolies of Facebook and Google, and most of all at what the internet entrepreneurs of Silicon Valley are doing to individuals, society and the economy, 'without our consent.' He was angry with them in 2007, when he penned Cult of the Amateur, a take-down of the 'democratising' principles of Web 2.0. And he's angry with them now; every page of The Internet is Not the Answer trembles with his rage. Unfortunately Keen's anger is to this book's detriment. It fuels his incandescent prose, but muddles the logic of his argument and prevents him from engaging constructively with the issue at hand. Worst; he offers no solution at the end of it all; merely a one-paragraph call to break up the 'new monopolies' of Google, Amazon and Facebook. Yet the genie is out of the bottle. We cannot un-invent the internet, even if we wished to. We have to live with it. This book is a welcome counterpoint to the starry-eyed utopianism with which the digitisation of every aspect of our lives is often discussed, but no more. Interested readers would likely do better with the work of techno-pessimists who engage more constructively with this important issue, for instance, The Shallows by Nicholas Carr.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
By P. A. KRIJGSMAN
This is a very brave piece of work that challenges the notion that we must never stand in the way of technological progress. The subject matter is too wide and deep to be explored comprehensively in 228 pages. Everyone has a view on the internet, its goods and its evils, so arguments about it usually end unresolved. This book doesn’t settle any arguments, but it should raise sufficient concern to get people thinking about how we manage our collective lives in the digital age.As I write this, there is a General Election being fought in the United Kingdom. Even though the National Health Service has just been disrupted on a grand scale by criminal hackers, none of the parties are leading with any punches to the challenge of technology. You can see why. Technology has disembowelled many traditional industries and services, but invented others to replace them. It has infected contemporary childhood with pornography, violence and depression, whilst liberating children from the repressive shackles and hang-ups of their parents in previous generations. It has spawned a generation of competent young musicians, through on-line teaching, whilst destroying the recorded music industry. It is hard for a politician to find the angle when one negative charge against technology is always countered by a positive.So Andrew Keen kicks off with that old Anglo –Saxon favourite - mock horror at the sheer extent of wealth amassed in Silicon Valley. The demonization is amusing in places, but it fails to recognise our complicity in the process of how and where wealth accumulates. It’s a cheap shot, a kind of revolutionary shorthand for how to identify your enemy. Personally, I do not envy Bill Gates his wealth or Peter Thiel his bitterness, or Jeff Bezos his lack of human empathy. That they are richer than me is a measure of their effort, singlemindedness, luck and cleverness. It is also a measure of the fact that they have invented something I find useful.Cheap shot or not, it does win the attention. There is something disgusting about excessive wealth at a time when, thanks to the internet, we are more aware than ever just how much human, animal and environmental suffering there is in the world. Bill Gates has recognised this through the creation of his foundation, just as the Wellcome Foundation, built on immense pharmaceutical wealth has become a force for good.The more challenging issues that Keen draws attention to – the digitisation of human behaviour, the extending power of the snoopers, the seeming homogenisation of popular culture – these are harder issues to get your head around. And that’s probably why the politicians – with the exception of Angela Merkel – have steered clear of the perils of algorithms, because as soon as you start talking about them, people glaze over and go back to their twitter feeds. Clive James, in his work Cultural Amnesia, makes a point about how democracy is a slow-moving force for good, how people have a general sense of something being not quite right rather than a sense of what the answer is. This book is a very good start on getting us to think about the challenges of the internet and digital technology. I agree that the internet is not the answer, but I am not quite sure yet what the question is.Andrew Keen’s rage has to be taken with a pinch of salt – he is making a living out of this stuff, remember – but the collection of failings that he draws attention to should be required reading for legislators, politicians, business leaders and others whose interest is in making the world a better place. It makes you think, and thinking about these problems is an important step on the path to neutralising them. There are no silver bullets for the problems of the web. It is as much a Pandora’s box as the threats that emerged from nuclear technology in the mid-20th century. So far, it seems, the only people thinking about that box are the ones who are trying to make money out of it.
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